2 to 3 Years

What to expect

Children this age are

• Becoming more aware of others and their own feelings;
• Often stubborn and may have temper tantrums;
• Developing a great interest in other children and enjoy being near them (although they are usually self-centered);
• Able to jump, hop, roll, and climb;
• Developing an interest in pretend play—playing at keeping house, for example, or pretending to cook and care for a baby;
• Expanding their vocabularies (from about 250 to 1,000 words during the year); and
• Putting together 2, 3, and 4-word sentences.

What they need

Children this age require opportunities to

• Develop hand coordination (with puzzles or large beads to string or by scribbling, for example);
• Do more things for themselves, such as putting on clothing;
• Sing, talk, and develop their language;
• Play with other children;
• Try out different ways to move their bodies; and
• Do things in the community, such as taking walks and visiting libraries, museums, informal restaurants, parks, beaches, and zoos.

Read to Me!

What you'll need

Good books
A children's dictionary (preferably a sturdy one)
Paper, pencils, crayons, markers

What to do

1. Read aloud to your child every day. From birth to 6 months your baby probably won't understand what you're reading, but that's okay. You can get her used to the sound of your voice and get her used to seeing and touching books.

2. To start out, use board books with no words or just a few words. Point to the colors and the pictures and say their names. Simple books can teach children things that will later help them learn to read. For example, they learn about the structure of language—that there are spaces between the words and that the print goes from left to right.

3. Tell stories. Encourage your child to ask questions and talk about the story. Ask her to predict what will come next. Point to things in books that she can relate to in her own life: "Look at the picture of the penguin. Do you remember the penguin we saw at the zoo?"

4. Look for reading programs. If you aren't a good reader, programs in your community like Even Start can provide opportunities for you to improve your own reading and to read with your child. Friends and relatives can also read to your child, and senior citizen volunteers are available in many communities to do the same.

5. Buy a children's dictionary—if possible, one that has pictures next to the words. Then start the "let's look it up" habit.

6. Make writing materials available.

7. Watch educational TV programs such as "Sesame Street" and "Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood" that help your child learn the alphabet and the sounds they represent.

8. Visit the library often. Begin making weekly trips to the library when your child is very young. See that your child gets her own library card as soon as possible. Many libraries issue cards to children as soon as they can print their names (you'll have to countersign for them). See the community resources section in the back of this booklet for more information about libraries.

9. Read yourself. What you do sets an example for your child.

Music Makers

What you'll need

Your voice
Music
Music makers (rattles, a can filled with beans or buttons, empty toilet paper rolls, pots, pans, plastic bowls)

What to do

1. Sing a lullaby to a cranky infant.

2. As children approach their first birthdays, they begin to like making music themselves. Have them try banging a wooden spoon on pots, pans, or plastic bowls; shaking a large rattle or shaking a plastic container filled with beans, buttons, or other noisy items (make sure the container is securely closed); and blowing through empty toilet paper rolls.

3. As toddlers pass their first birthdays, they can actively participate in nursery rhymes, even if they can't recite the words. They can imitate hand movements, clap, or hum along.

4. As preschoolers become more physically coordinated, encourage them to move to the music. They can twirl, spin, jump up and down, tiptoe, or sway.

5. Here are some tips for getting young children to sing:
   • Sing yourself. Sing fairly slowly so children join in and enjoy themselves. Discourage shouting.
   • Start with simple chanting. Pick a simple melody, such as "Mary Had a Little Lamb," and sing "la, la, la." Add the words later.

Introduce music to your children early. Listening to you sing will help them learn to make their voices go up and down—even if you can't carry a tune! Music and dance teach preschoolers to listen, to coordinate hand and finger movements, and to express themselves creatively.

Play Dough

What you'll need

2 cups flour
1 cup salt
4 teaspoons cream of tartar
2 cups water
2 tablespoons cooking oil
Food coloring
Food extracts (almond, vanilla, lemon, or peppermint)
1 medium saucepan
Things to stick in the dough (popsicle sticks, straws )
Things to pound with (like a toy mallet)
Things to make impressions with (jar lids, cookie cutters, or bottle caps)

What to do

1. Add the food coloring to the water. Then mix all of the ingredients together in a pan.

2. Cook over medium heat, stirring until it forms a soft ball.

3. Let the mixture cool. Knead slightly. Add food extracts to different chunks of the dough if you want different smells.

4. Give some to your toddler or preschooler so he can pound it, stick things in it, make impressions in it, and create all kinds of things.